Just compiled this for a friend, putting it here for the world. She was trying to understand a paper so she could do a similar analysis and she was getting confused by what I was saying. It turned out that the paper used the wrong test: they used Kruskal-Wallace when they should have used Friedman, because they had repeated measurements in the same monkeys. It’s kind of a mess.

Basic single-factor statistical tests, “ordinary” parametric statistics:

Parametric Tests	Independent Samples	Non-independent Samples (Repeated Measures)
More than two samples	One-way ANOVA	One-way repeated-measures ANOVA
Two samples	T-test	Paired T-test

Basic single-factor statistical tests, non-parametric statistics:

Non-Parametric Tests	Independent Samples	Non-independent Samples (Repeated Measures)
More than two samples	Kruskal-Wallace Test	Friedman Test
Two samples	Mann-Whitney U-test	Wilcoxson Signed Rank Test